ABSTRACT Computational simulations of mass and energy flow help in implementing alternative cooling systems in protected environments. The aim of this study was to model and simulate the interaction between external and internal environments of a protected environment by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques and validate micrometeorological variables for subsequent comparison between natural and indirect ventilation by ground heat exchangers. At the first phase, the micrometeorological variables global solar radiation (Qg), air temperature (Tair), and air relative humidity (RH) were monitored. The second phase consisted of the numerical modeling of finite volumes, with validation through recorded data, as well as simulation and comparison of two ventilation systems. The functional relationship between simulated and recorded meteorological elements presented a good linear association, with coefficients of determination of 0.97, 0.93, and 0.94 for Qg, Tair, and RH, respectively. Simulation of indirect ventilation system by ground heat exchangers presented a reduction of 4 °C in Tair and 15% in RH compared to that recorded inside the environment. The natural ventilation system allowed a reduction of 1 °C in Tair when compared to the protected environment.

ABSTRACT Animal welfare is essential for livestock yield gains, which has been ethically justifiable and socially acceptable. Thus, our research aimed to test computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) to simulate heated air within a poultry barn. Data were simulated in CFD software based on Navier-Stokes equations (geometry of 3 m x 6 m, considering a symmetric mesh). As boundary conditions, a temperature of 38ºC was considered for walls where heating pipe outlets are, to the west side, besides a heat flow of zero, in symmetry to the same side. As for the sides east, south and north, walls were taken as isolated, i.e. heat flow equals to zero. The aviary heating system did not achieve a homogeneous temperature distribution, heat flow, heated air pressure and speed. Heated-air convection cells were spotted in the upper part of the building, being little used for thermal comfort by the birds.

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes sistemas de criação para frangos de corte, caracterizando o ambiente térmico, os parâmetros fisiológicos e o comportamento animal. O experimento foi realizado no decorrer de um ciclo produtivo de 42 dias, no município de Carpina, Estado de Pernambuco, na Estação Experimental de Pequenos Animais da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE). A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em um módulo de produção dividido em 15 boxes, com 10 aves por Box, e densidade de 10 aves por m², totalizando 150 aves, submetidas a três sistemas de criação: semiconfinado com 3 m² por ave de área de piquete (SC 3), semiconfinado com 6 m² por ave de área de piquete (SC 6) e confinamento total (CONF). O delineamento experimental para análise geral dos dados foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as semanas alocadas nas parcelas, e os sistemas de criação (SC 3, SC 6, CONF e EXT), nas subparcelas, com as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. As variáveis meteorológicas, índices de conforto e os parâmetros fisiológicos apontam o sistema de criação SC 3 como aquele que permitiu melhor acondicionamento térmico natural às aves, apresentando valores médios da ordem de 25,4 ºC; 69,9 kJ kg-1; 75,7; 65,12 movimentos min-1 e 41,92 ºC para temperatura de bulbo seco, entalpia, índice de temperatura de globo e umidade, frequência respiratória e temperatura cloacal, respectivamente. As aves submetidas ao sistema de criação SC 3 foram as que tiveram melhor oportunidade de expressar seus comportamentos naturais e de explorar o ambiente externo ao módulo de criação, potencializando o bem-estar animal.

This research was carried out to evaluate different housing systems for broiler chickens production, characterizing the thermal environment, physiological parameters and animal behavior. The experiment was conducted in a production cycle of 42 days, in the city of Carpina, state of Pernambuco, Brazil, at the Experimental Station for Small Animals of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE). The survey was developed in production module divided into 15 boxes with 10 birds per box and density of the 10 birds per m², totaling 150 birds, submitted to the three housing systems: semi-confined with 3m² per broiler of paddock area (SC 3), semi-confined with 6m² per broiler of paddock area (SC 6) and total confinement (CONF). The experimental design for data general analysis was completely randomized (CRD), in split plots, being the weeks allocated in the plots and the accommodation systems (SC 3, SC 6, CONF and EXT) in the sub-plots with the averages compared through the Tukey test. The meteorological variables, comfort indexes and physiological parameters indicated the semi-confined system of accommodation SC 3 as one that allowed better natural conditioning heat to the birds, presenting the average values of 25.4ºC, 69.9 kJ kg-1, 75.7, 65.12 movements min-1 and 41.92ºC for dry bulb temperature, enthalpy, black globe humidity index, respiratory rate and cloacal temperature, respectively. The birds subjected to the semi-confined system SC 3 were those that had better opportunity to express their natural behavior and explore the external environment to the module of production, leveraging the animal welfare.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, a comparação entre a eficiência de alguns materiais porosos alternativos encontrados no Brasil: cinasita (argila expandida), serragem, fibra vegetal e carvão, para o Sistema de Resfriamento Adiabático Evaporativo (SRAE). O experimento se deu em condições de verão, em estufas situadas na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. O conforto térmico ambiente foi avaliado através do Índice de Temperatura de Globo Negro e Umidade (ITGU) e Umidade Relativa do ar (UR), medidos diariamente, a cada duas horas, das 8 às 18 h. Os resultados obtidos foram interpretados através da análise de variância. Com base neste estudo, é possível inferir que a confecção de placas porosas para resfriadores evaporativos, utilizando-se os materiais cinasita e carvão vegetal, indica vantagens sobre os demais materiais estudados (serragem e fibra de madeira). No entanto, como não houve diferença estatística significativa em todos os horários, para os materiais testados e com base nos resultados de umidade relativa do ar e ITGU, sugere-se a condução de novas pesquisas, no sentido de se determinar a espessura correta da placa porosa, tendo em vista a obtenção correta da pressão estática do sistema, sendo este um fator determinante, no que se refere à sua eficiência.

This study aimed to compare the efficiency of some alternative pad materials found in Brazil, such as the "cinasita" (an expanded clay), the sawdust, the vegetable fiber and coal. The experiment conducted in summer conditions, in greenhouses located in the Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais. The comfort thermal atmosphere was evaluated through the Black Globe Humidity Index (BGHI) and Relative Humidity (RH), measured daily, every two hours, between 8 to 18 h. The obtained results were interpreted through the variance analysis. On the basis of this study, it is possible to infer that the making of pad for evaporative cooling systems, using the material cinasita and vegetable coal, it indicates advantages compared to other studied materials. However, as there were no significant differences in every schedule, for the tested materials on the basis of results of relative humidity of the air and BGHI. It suggests of new investigations, for the determination of correct thickness of the pad, keeping in view the correct obtaining of the static pressure of the system, as this being a decisive factor, in what refers to its efficiency.